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St Januarius Blood Italian Newspapers It Happened Again September 2019

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Bishop of Benevento; Catholic saint

Saint Januarius
Saint Januarius.jpg

Copy taken from a portrait of Saint Januarius by Caravaggio

Bishop and Martyr
Born 3rd century
Benevento or Naples, Campania, Roman Empire
Died c.  305
Pozzuoli, Campania
Venerated in Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church building, and Armenian Apostolic Church building
Major shrine Naples Cathedral, Italy and the Church building of the Virtually Precious Blood, Little Italy, Manhattan, New York City.
Feast 19 September (Catholic Church building)
21 April (Eastern Christianity)
Mon after second Dominicus of Advent (Armenian Churchly Church)
Attributes vials of blood, palms, Mountain Vesuvius
Patronage blood banks; Naples; volcanic eruptions[1]

Januarius ( JAN-yoo-AIR-ee-əs;[two] Latin: Ianuarius; Neapolitan and Italian: Gennaro), likewise known as Januarius I of Benevento , was Bishop of Benevento and is a martyr and saint of the Cosmic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. While no gimmicky sources on his life are preserved, later sources and legends claim that he died during the Great Persecution[3] which concluded with Diocletian's retirement in 305.

Januarius is the patron saint of Naples, where the faithful gather three times a year in Naples Cathedral to witness the liquefaction of what is claimed to be a sample of his claret kept in a sealed drinking glass ampoule.

Life [edit]

Little is known of the life of Januarius,[3] and what follows is generally derived from later Christian sources, such as the Acta Bononensia (BHL 4132, not earlier than 6th century) and the Acta Vaticana (BHL 4115, ninth century), and from later on folk traditions.

Fable [edit]

According to various hagiographies, Januarius was born in Benevento to a rich patrician family unit that traced its descent to the Caudini tribe of the Samnites. At a young historic period of fifteen, he became local priest of his parish in Benevento, which at the time was relatively pagan. When Januarius was 20, he became Bishop of Naples and befriended Juliana of Nicomedia and Saint Sossius whom he met during his priestly studies. During the 1+ 1⁄2 -yr-long persecution of Christians by Emperor Diocletian, he hid his fellow Christians and prevented them from being caught. Unfortunately, while visiting Sossius in jail, he too was arrested. He and his colleagues were condemned to be thrown to wild bears in the Flavian Amphitheater at Pozzuoli, but the judgement was changed due to fear of public disturbances, and they were instead beheaded at the Solfatara crater well-nigh Pozzuoli.[northward 1] Other legends state either that the wild beasts refused to eat them, or that he was thrown into a furnace simply came out unscathed.

History [edit]

The earliest extant mention of him is contained in a 432 alphabetic character by Uranius, bishop of Nola, on the decease of his mentor Saint Paulinus of Nola,[4] [5] where it is stated that the ghosts of Januarius and Saint Martin appeared to Paulinus three days before the latter's death in 431. Near Januarius, the account says merely that he was "bishop too as martyr, an illustrious member of the Neapolitan church".[n 2] The Acta Bononensia says that "At Pozzuoli in Campania [is honored the memory] of the holy martyrs Januarius, Bishop of Beneventum, Festus his deacon, and Desiderius lector, together with Sossius deacon of the church of Misenum, Proculus, deacon of Pozzuoli, Eutyches, and Acutius, who subsequently chains and imprisonment were beheaded under the emperor Diocletian".[3]

Legacy [edit]

Celebrations [edit]

San Gennaro procession in Naples, 1631

The Banquet of St Januarius or San Gennaro is celebrated on 19 September in the calendar of the Catholic Church.[6] [n three] In the Eastern Church, information technology is celebrated on 21 Apr.[8] The city of Naples has more than l official patron saints, although its primary patron is Saint Januarius.[ix]

In the United States, the "Banquet of San Gennaro" is too a highlight of the twelvemonth for New York's Lilliputian Italy, with the saint'due south polychrome statue carried through the heart of a street fair stretching for blocks.

Relics [edit]

According to an early hagiography,[n 4] Januarius's relics were transferred by order of Saint Severus, Bishop of Naples, to the Neapolitan catacombs "outside the walls" ( actress moenia ).[eleven] [n five] In the early ninth century the body was moved to Beneventum past Sico, prince of Benevento, with the head remaining in Naples. Later, during the turmoil at the fourth dimension of Frederick Barbarossa, his body was moved again, this fourth dimension to the Territorial Abbey of Montevergine where it was rediscovered in 1480.

At the instigation of Cardinal Oliviero Carafa, his body was finally transferred in 1497 to Naples, where he is the city's patron saint. Carafa deputed a richly decorated crypt, the Succorpo, beneath the cathedral to firm the reunited torso and head properly. The Succorpo was finished in 1506 and is considered ane of the prominent monuments of the High Renaissance in the city.[thirteen]

Blood [edit]

Saint Januarius is famous for the miracle of the annual liquefaction of his blood, which, according to legend, was saved by a woman called Eusebia merely after the saint's death. A chronicle of Naples written in 1382 describes the cult of Saint Januarius in detail, simply mentions neither the relic nor the phenomenon.[fourteen] [xv] The commencement certain date is 1389, when it was found to accept melted.[16] [17] So, over the following 2 and a half centuries official reports began to announced declaring that the blood spontaneously melted, at kickoff in one case a yr, so twice, and finally three times a yr. While the report of the very kickoff incidence of liquefaction did non make whatever explicit reference to the skull of the saint, presently afterwards assertions began to appear that this relic was activating the melting process, as if the blood, recognizing a part of the body to which it belonged, "were impatient while waiting for its resurrection".[xviii] This explanation was definitively abandoned just in the eighteenth century.[19]

Thousands of people assemble to witness this event in Naples Cathedral three times a year: on September 19 (Saint Januarius's Day, commemorating his martyrdom), on December 16 (celebrating his patronage of Naples and its archdiocese), and on the Saturday before the starting time Sunday of May (commemorating the reunification of his relics).[20]

The blood is as well said to spontaneously liquefy at certain other times, such equally papal visits. It supposedly liquefied in the presence of Pope Pius Nine in 1848, but not that of John Paul II in 1979 or Benedict Xvi in 2007.[21] On March 21, 2015, Pope Francis venerated the dried blood during a visit to Naples Cathedral, maxim the Lord's Prayer over it and kissing it. Archbishop Sepe and so declared that "The claret has half liquefied, which shows that Saint Januarius loves our pope and Naples."[22]

Ritual liquifaction [edit]

Drawing of the reliquary containing the 2 ampoules said to hold Januarius' blood, c. 1860

The blood is stored in two hermetically sealed small ampoules, held since the 17th century in a silverish reliquary between two round glass plates about 12 cm wide. The smaller, cylindrical ampoule contains simply a few reddish spots on its walls, the bulk having allegedly been removed and taken to Kingdom of spain past Charles III. The larger, almond-shaped ampoule, with a capacity of virtually 60 ml, is virtually 60% filled with a dark ruby substance.[23] [14] Split reliquaries hold bone fragments believed to vest to Saint Januarius.

For nearly of the time, the ampoules are kept in a bank vault, whose keys are held by a commission of local notables, including the Mayor of Naples; the basic are kept in a catacomb under the main altar of Naples Cathedral. On banquet days, all these relics are taken in procession from the cathedral to the Monastery of Santa Chiara, where the archbishop holds upwards the reliquary and tilts it to evidence that the contents are solid, then places it on the high altar adjacent to the saint's other relics. Afterward intense prayers by the faithful, including the so-called "relatives of Saint Januarius" (parenti di San Gennaro), the content of the larger vial typically appears to liquify. The archbishop so holds up the vial and tilts it again to demonstrate that liquifaction has taken place. The announcement of the liquifaction is greeted with at the 13th-century Castel Nuovo. The ampoules remain exposed on the altar for viii days, while the priests motility or plow them periodically to show that the contents remain liquid.[23] Sir Francis Ronalds gives a detailed description of the May 1819 ritual in his travel journal.[24]

The liquifaction sometimes takes identify almost immediately, but can take hours or even days. Records kept at the Duomo tell that on rare occasions the contents fail to liquify, are found already liquified when the ampoules are taken from the safety,[25] or liquify outside the usual dates.[23]

Scientific studies [edit]

While the Catholic Church has e'er supported the celebrations, it has never formulated an official statement on the phenomenon and maintains a neutral stance almost scientific investigations.[23] It does not permit the vials to be opened, for fear that doing and then may cause irreparable impairment. This makes close analysis impossible. Nonetheless, a spectroscopic analysis performed in 1902 by Gennaro Sperindeo claimed that the spectrum was consistent with hemoglobin.[26] A afterward analysis, with similar conclusions, was carried out by a team in 1989.[27] [ unreliable source? ] However, the reliability of these observations has been questioned.[fourteen] While clotted blood can be liquefied by mechanical stirring, the resulting interruption cannot solidify again.[fourteen]

Measurements made in 1900 and 1904 claimed that the ampoules' weight increased by up to 28 grams during liquefaction. However, later measurements with a precision rest, performed over five years, failed to detect whatever variation.[fourteen]

Various suggestions for the content's composition have been advanced, such as a material that is photosensitive, hygroscopic, or has a low melting point.[28] [29] [30] Yet, these explanations come across technical difficulties, such every bit the variability of the phenomenon and its lack of correlation to ambient temperature.[xiv]

A recent hypothesis by Garlaschelli & al. is that the vial contains a thixotropic gel,[14] [31] In such a substance viscosity increases if left unstirred and decreases if stirred or moved. Researchers have proposed specifically a intermission of hydrated iron oxide, FeO(OH), which reproduces the color and behavior of the 'claret' in the ampoule.[32] The interruption tin exist prepared from simple chemicals that would accept been easily bachelor locally since antiquity.[33] [ unreliable source? ] [34]

In 2010, Giuseppe Geraci, a professor in the Section of Molecular Biology at Naples'south Frederick II Academy, conducted an experiment on a vial containing old claret—a relic dating back to the 18th century from the Eremo di Camaldoli nearly Arezzo in Tuscany—having the same characteristics of the claret of St. Januarius.[35] Prof. Geraci showed that the Camaldoli relic also contains blood that tin can change its solid-liquid phase past shaking.[36] He further reproduced the phenomenon with his ain blood stored in the aforementioned atmospheric condition as the Camaldoli relic. He stated that, "In that location is no univocal scientific fact that explains why these changes take place. It is not enough to aspect to the motion the ability to dissolve the claret, the liquid independent in the Treasure instance changes state for reasons nonetheless to exist identified." [37] He ultimately argued that "in that location'south blood, no miracle".[36]

Similar rites [edit]

Although Naples became known as "City of Blood" ( urbs sanguinum ),[ citation needed ] legends of blood liquefaction are not a unique phenomenon. Other examples include vials of the blood of Saint Patricia and Saint John the Baptist in the monastery of San Gregorio Armeno, and of Saint Pantaleon in Ravello. In all, the church has recognized claims of miraculous liquefying claret for seven[38] or about twenty[39] saints from Campania and virtually nowhere else.[40] The blood cults of the other saints have been discontinued since the 16th century, which noted skeptic James Randi takes as bear witness that local artisans or alchemists had a hole-and-corner recipe for manufacturing this type of relic.[38] A team of three Italian chemists[ who? ] managed to create a liquid that reproduces all the characteristics and behavior of the liquid in the vial, using merely local materials and techniques that were known to medieval workers.[38] [41] [42] Jordan Lancaster leaves open up the possibility that the practice was a Christian survival of a pagan ritual intended to protect the locals from unexpected eruptions from Mount Vesuvius.[40]

Museum of the Treasure of St. Januarius [edit]

The Treasure of St Januarius is a drove of magnificent works and donations nerveless in seven centuries from popes, kings, emperors, famous and ordinary people. According to studies washed past a pool of experts who have analyzed all the pieces in the collection, the Treasure of St Januarius is of higher value than the crown of Queen Elizabeth Two of the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the Tsar of Russian federation. The Treasure is a unique collection of fine art masterpieces, kept untouched thanks to the Deputation of the Chapel of St Januarius, an aboriginal secular institution founded in 1527 past a vote of the city of Naples, still existing.

Today, the Treasure is exhibited in the Museum of the Treasure of St Januarius, whose archway is located on the right side of the Dome of Naples, nether the arcades. By visiting the Museum, the Chapel of San Gennaro is accessible fifty-fifty when the Cathedral is airtight.[43]

  • Michele Dato, Necklace of St. Januarius, 1679.

  • Matteo Treglia, Mitre of St. Januarius, 1713.

See also [edit]

  • Feast of San Gennaro, as held annually in New York, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas
  • Order of St. Januarius
  • Museum of the Treasure of St Januarius
  • Saint Januarius, patron saint annal

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ For further details on these locations, see the Catholic Encyclopedia'southward article on "Saint Januarius".[3]
  2. ^ Latin: Ianuarius, episcopus simul et martyr, Neapolitanae urbis illustrat ecclesiam .[iv]
  3. ^ In the 1498 Roman martyrology, his martyrdom took place on the thirteenth twenty-four hours before the kalends of October or September 19th.[vii]
  4. ^ Hagiographies of St Januarius are compiled in the 6th volume of the Acta Sanctorum Septembris.[10]
  5. ^ A condensed account of the removals of the relics is given by Norman.[12]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Star Quest Production Network: Saint Januarius
  2. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Printing. ISBN978-0-521-15255-vi.
  3. ^ a b c d Herbert Thurston (1913). "St. Januarius". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  4. ^ a b Uranius Nolanius (432), De Vita et Obitu Paulini Nolani. Published by Surius as Epistola "De Obitu Sancti Paulini" Online version accessed on 2009-06-xx.
  5. ^ "Uranius" Archived 2009-11-06 at the Wayback Machine in Lexicon of Greek and Roman Antiquities edited William Smith (1870).
  6. ^ "Martyrologium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7).
  7. ^ J. O'Connell, "The Roman Martyrology" [London 1962] south.v. September nineteen.
  8. ^ Oxford Lexicon of the Christian Church (Oxford University Printing, 2005 ISBN 978-0-nineteen-280290-3)
  9. ^ "Sant' Aspreno di Napoli". Santi e Beati. 19 April 2002. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
  10. ^ Carnandet, J., ed. (1867), Acta Sanctorum Septembris, Vol. Half-dozen , Paris, pp. 761–892 . (in Latin)
  11. ^ Norman (1986), p. 331
  12. ^ Norman, Diana (1986), "The Succorpo in the Cathedral of Naples: 'Empress of All Chapels'", Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, Vol. 49, No. 3 , pp. 323–355 .
  13. ^ Norman 1986:323-355.
  14. ^ a b c d eastward f g Garlaschelli, L.; Ramaccini, F.; Della Sala, South. (1994). "The Blood of St. Januarius". Chemistry in Great britain. 30 (two): 123. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  15. ^ (1382) Croniche de Inclyta Cità de Napole In Altamura, Antonio (ed.), Cronaca di Partenope, Napoli, 1974
  16. ^ Chronicon Siculum [1340-1396], ed. Giuseppe De Blasiis, Naples, 1887, p. 85
  17. ^ Norman 1993:332 and annotation.
  18. ^ Cesare Baronio, Annales Ecclesiastici, Rome 1594, vol. 2, p. 803.
  19. ^ de Ceglia Francesco Paolo, "Thinking with the Saint: The Miracle of Saint Januarius of Naples and Science in Early on Mod Europe" in Early on Science and Medicine xix (2014), p. 133-173
  20. ^ Chiesa di San Gennaro - Duomo (Napoli)
  21. ^ "Blood of St. Januarius liquefies during Francis' visit to Naples". Catholic Herald. March 21, 2015.
  22. ^ Benge Nsenduluka (March 23, 2015). "Pope Francis Performs 'Miracle' In Naples; Turns Dry Blood to Liquid". Christian Post.
  23. ^ a b c d San Gennaro: Vescovo east martire (in Italian)
  24. ^ "Sir Francis Ronalds' Travel Journal: Naples and the Miracle". Sir Francis Ronalds and his Family . Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  25. ^ "Sangue di San Gennaro liquefatto prima della processione" Corriere dell Sera, 4 May 1997, p.xv
  26. ^ Gennaro, Sperindeo and Raffaele Januario (1901), Il Miracolo di S. Gennaro, 3rd ed., Naples, D'Auria, p. 67-72.
  27. ^ F. D'Onofrio; P. L. Baima Bollone; M. Cannas; quoted by Michele Central Giordano (1990), Prolusione, in Proceedings of the Symposium on the VI centenary of the get-go liquefaction of the blood (1389–1989), Dec 1989, Napoli, Torre del Greco (Napoli), p. x.
  28. ^ Eusèbe Salverte, Des sciences occultes ou essai sur la magie, les prodiges et les miracles, Paris, Baillière, 1826.
  29. ^ Henri Broch. Le Paranormal (1985); ed. ext., Paris, Seuil, 1989, p. 109
  30. ^ Joe Nickell, John F. Fischer, Mysterious Realms, Buffalo, Prometheus Books, 1993, p 159.
  31. ^ Christopher, Kevin (2000-09-22). "The Miracle Blood of Saint Januarius". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-03-02 . ;
  32. ^ Luigi Garlaschelli (2002), Sangue Prodigioso. La Chimica e 50'Industria., 84 (6), p.67-70 Online version Archived 2011-01-08 at the Wayback Car accessed on 2009-06-20. (In Italian).
  33. ^ Epstein, Michael; Garlaschelli, Luigi (1992). "Meliorate Blood Through Chemical science: A Laboratory Replication of a Miracle" (PDF). Periodical of Scientific Exploration. half dozen: 233–246. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-17. Retrieved 2007-03-02 .
  34. ^ Owen, Richard (2005-09-20). "Naples blood boils at miracle'south 'debunking'". The Times. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 2007-03-02 .
  35. ^ "San Gennaro, spunta una seconda ampolla con dentro il sangue". Naples: Metropolis Web. 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2013-09-23 .
  36. ^ a b Piedimonte, Antonio Emanuele (2010-02-05). "Geraci, la rivelazione 11 anni fa al Corriere "Il sangue c'è e l'ho visto, il miracolo no"". Naples: RCS Corriere del Mezzogiorno. Retrieved 2013-09-23 .
  37. ^ De Lucia, Michele (2010-02-05). "Miracolo di San Gennaro, un test dimostra che nell´ampolla c'è sangue umano". Naples: Positano News. Archived from the original on 2010-02-07. Retrieved 2013-09-23 .
  38. ^ a b c James, Randi (2002). "The Liquefying 'Blood' of St. Januarius". In Shermer, Michael (ed.). Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. pp. 371–372. ISBN9781576076538.
  39. ^ Joe Nickell (2007), Relics of the Christ, University Press of Kentucky, p. 46, ISBN9780813172125
  40. ^ a b Jordan Lancaster, In the shadow of Vesuvius, Tauris, 2005
  41. ^ Nickell, Joe. "Examining Miracle Claims" (Excerpt from an article that appeared in March 1996 consequence of Deolog). Subconscious Mysteries: Organized religion'southward Frauds, Lies, Control . Retrieved two March 2007.
  42. ^ Joe Nickell (2007), Tom Flynn (ed.), The new encyclopedia of unbelief, Prometheus Books, p. 541, ISBN9781591023913
  43. ^ Official website , Museo San Gennaro . (in Italian)

External links [edit]

  • CICAP: "The Blood of St. Januarius"
  • San Gennaro
  • New York'due south Feast of San Gennaro
  • The Blood However Boils by Doug Skinner, Fate, July 2006

bertschsiled1941.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januarius

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